Global Warming A Climate Change - 883 Words

Global warming is what happens when the atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth out towards space. Carbon dioxide, methane, and greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere keep heat from escaping. As a result of global warming, the Earth endures extreme weather events, a hazardous rise in sea levels, and life-threatening shifts in the world s ecosystem. One result of global warming is that the earth undergoes extreme weather events. By definition, climate is the long-term average of weather over many years. When weather conditions become reoccurring, it would be considered as a climate change (Bradford). As climate changes, temperatures fluctuate around the world, spawning hotter summers and colder than normal winters, therefore, causing extreme events in the weather. The Winter Storm Juno that reached the eastern seaboard in January of 2015 would show one example of an extreme weather event. With huge hurricane force winds, Juno violently altered shorelines from New Haven, Connecticut, to Portland, Maine, leaving Boston buried in snow. Winter is a natural occurrence, but due to global warming, the oceans are warmer and the air above them is moister creating more snow. Oceans act as batteries, charging up with extra warmth as carbons in the atmosphere continues to warm the planet. As energy generates it expels itself feeding bigge r and more dangerous storms, and right now, over ninety percent the energy in the ocean is from climate change (Stockton). Therefore, as theShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? Climate change is a problem that is worldwide that should be reviewed. The rise in the earth’s temperature has caused some impact to the weather and climate changes to many places worldwide. This rise in temperature has the potential of causing drastic changes to the earth in many ways. It is time to view the global warming concernsRead MoreClimate Change Of Global Warming924 Words   |  4 Pages Figure 0.1 shows the different effects of global warming. Global warming is the warming of our planet at an extreme rate. The Earth’s climate has warmed by 7.8OC since 1880. (Quick facts about science, 2015). What causes global warming? The cause of global warming is the carbon dioxide. This acts like a blanket. Protecting the earth, and heating the earth. Sun rays would normally bounce around the earth, but with the blanket, the sun rays heat the blanket which heats the earth. (Petersen ScienceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change1398 Words   |  6 Pages Global warming and climate change have been frequent topics of discussion over the past several years. Although people tend to focus on the politics, it is important to look past the media aspects of it into the cold hard facts of what our Earth is currently experiencing, and what has caused it in the first place. The cause of climate change includes natural causes, but human causes are what is generating such a rapid global temperature change. It’s time that the ways in which humanity affectsRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1060 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change (Klaus) 1000 The terms â€Å"global warming†, â€Å"climate change† or â€Å"greenhouse effect† have become more than just parts of the popular lexicon as they rather are subject of public discussions, scientific research or political debates. Despite the popularity and the ubiquity of these terms, the public’s theoretical and conceptual understanding of them and their causal relations is often based on superficial knowledge and buzzwords or caricatures outlined and depicted in several popular mediaRead MoreClimate Change : Global Warming1194 Words   |  5 PagesDonya Curtis April 19, 2017 English 1001-rough draft Global Warming Global warming is one facet of the broader term climate change. It is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth s surface air and oceans from the mid 20th century and the projected continuation. The Global warming is primarily the consequence of building up greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Emission rates for most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, CO2, have increased 120 fold in the past 140 years. WhileRead MoreClimate Change and Global Warming1074 Words   |  5 PagesClimate change and Global Warming are out of control. This means that, no matter what policies, processes or actions are implemented, the Earth as we know it will never be the same again. There is significant evidence to support this hypothesis. The dilemma becomes whether we can limit the damage and adapt to a new status quo or not. Rising sea levels and the damage caused by this phenomenon has irreversible impacts on coastlines worldwide. Damage to sensitive reef systems cannot be fixed. This alsoRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1022 Words   |  5 PagesWhat = Climate Change Who = Emma, Aoife, Julia, Rachael, Mariah and Cà ©line What is it? Climate Change is a change in the demographic distribution of weather patterns, and related change in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets, happening over time scales of decades or longer. It’s the world’s greatest threat. Climate change is the change in temperature over a period of time. It involves the greenhouse effect and global warming. Where is it? It is an issue affecting everyone everywhere. ClimateRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1474 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomenon, known as â€Å"smog† became an often daily occurrence in big, urbanized cites across the globe. Also, Al Gore’s book, An Inconvenient Truth, popularized the issue of climate change and global warming as a result of the damage that the modern world has done to the atmosphere. He noted that people resist the facts about climate change due to the inconvenience of changing their lifestyles. But, uninhibited industrialization of several countries has led to intense modernization and revolution of theRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming928 Words   |  4 PagesThis paper will discuss climate change and global warming on the economy. The paper also gives a description on climate change and global warming. As well as what it hold for future business owners. It will also discuss what the government is doing about climate change/global warming. Climate change is a long-term shift in the statistics of the weather (including its averages). For example, it could show up as a change in climate normal (expected average values for temperature and precipitation)Read MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1630 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Related Threats Global warming will lead to uncontrollable devastation such as famine, war, and economic instability. Climate change will accelerate the dislocation of hundreds of millions of people and the extinction of many species. The negative effects of climate change are obvious on every continent. Professor Le Quere, director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia said, The human influence on climate change is clear. The atmosphere and

The Great Gatsby Essay - 864 Words

The Great Gatsby and Today s Society In American society, the way people act is quite an interesting, yet confusing subject to look at. If you were to look closely at the behavior and the thinking of the average American man in the modern day, you would see that he is not too different from a man that lived one hundred years ago in America. Obviously many things have changed in society that make a man different nowadays compared to one hundred years ago, but the point is that, in general, the mind of an American person has kept the same characteristics. A great way to understand how an American man s mind has remained the same is by comparing The Great Gatsby with modern society in the United States. In this novel, which takes†¦show more content†¦Having hope when trying to become successful is a must or your dream may never happen. It seems as though the old money, rich people think they have entitlement no matter what they do. The wealthy can have whatever they like all the time even if they don t morally des erve it. This has been the case in America for a long time, including the time of Jay Gatsby and also in modern day society. A major character in The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway, realizes that the rich lack responsibility for their actions and they continue living as though they have every right to their good fortune. Nick says, â€Å"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy – they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made.† Even when Daisy murders Myrtle, Gatsby ends up paying the price for her because Daisy and Tom are careless and rich. Money is way more important to them than anything else in the world. There are many people in our society today like Daisy and Tom. One example is Paris Hilton, who basically goes around and parties with her father s money. She can do whatever she wants and the money is always the re to cover it up. It is amazing how money can determine someone s character. The common man seems toShow MoreRelated Essay on The Great Gatsby1120 Words   |  5 PagesEssay on The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a novel about a man who tries to win over a woman he had lost many years ago. Jay Gatsby is the hero in this novel because he stands out amongst the rich. Unlike the rest of the rich people in this novel Gatsby has moral values, and the rest of them can only grasp things of material value. Gatsby spends his whole life trying to hide the fact that he wasn’t like the others. Gatsby never fits in among them because what he perceives of them is allRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Gatsby Essay By- Happy Bhoombla English- 3A Date-9/28/10 The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a story about a wealthy man named Gatsby. Gatsby lives a luxuriant life in West Egg of New York. Gatsby’s wealth has an unknown secret because nobody seems to know where his wealth emerged from. Despite of having so much fortune, Gatsby’s true American dream has not been achieved. In the great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald develops Gatsby as a failed American dream to show theRead MoreGreat Gatsby Essay702 Words   |  3 PagesMyrtle? Gatsby himself? Give reasons why or why not each character is implicated in the murder.† Great Gatsby Essay There are five people that are responsible for Jay Gatsby’s death. One of them is directly to blame, since he pulled the trigger. The other three were involved in the murder. The one who pulled the trigger was George Wilson. He was in pain because of the murder of his wife. He loved her, and he was completely insane with grief. Wilson thought that Gatsby was MyrtlesRead MoreEssay on The Great Gatsby1254 Words   |  6 PagesIn Class Essay To what extent is The Great Gatsby a moral novel. Discuss. The society our nation lives in today has developed morals and principles through the lessons experienced from the past. The Roaring Twenties was a time of change and a chance to pave a path for the person you wanted to become. Morals and principles served as guidelines rather than rules and were merely preached that practiced. Thus, the severity of the immoral actions taking place created opportunities for lessons to beRead MoreEssay The Great Gatsby2606 Words   |  11 PagesThe Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby belongs to what Harold Bloom tags the â€Å"tomb† of literary archetypes, a family of fiction that espouses every facet of the expressive use of language (everything from Shakespeare’s plays to Dickens’ prose). As a participant in this tomb, The Great Gatsby has adopted a convenient persona in the world of twentieth century literature as â€Å"the great American novel,† a work that embodies the American thematic ideals of the self-made man, the great AmericanRead MoreSeasons In The Great Gatsby Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesChris Carey Per. 4 12/8/17 The Great Gatsby Essay: Season; noun, is defined as one of the four periods of the year beginning astronomically at an equinox or solstice, but geographically at different dates in different climates. The seasons plays a huge role in The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, a novel about a young wealthy man who has been trying to reunite with a woman who he deeply loves but, only to be reaching out for his death. Three seasons spring, summer, and autumn all have differentRead More Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesGatsby Essay Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. For example, a dove is usually used to represent peace. In the novel The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald uses a lot of symbolism to connect the characters with each other or to other objects. Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism helps advance his thematic interest in his novel of The Great Gatsby. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses various colors, objectsRead MoreEssay On Alcohol In The Great Gatsby1267 Words   |  6 Pages20s also had it low spots. Especially when alcohol and prohibition became a big thing during that time. In the book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, he describes a man by Jay Gatsby that learns to make big bucks off bootlegging alcohol from other. In this essay, one can learn about prohibitions, bootleggers, and speakeasies. Along with more about the mysterious Gatsby. Before the 1920s was ever thought about, in the 1830s alcohol was drunk and carried around in a bottle for needing a swigRead More Materialism in The Great Gatsby Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pagesduring the 1920s, the setting of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. That the majority of Americans believe that wealth and happiness are the same is a result of our market economy that encourages consumption and conditions us to think that we need material possessions to be happy. According to Andrew Bard Schmookler, Wealth and human fulfillment have become equated in the predominant ideology of liberal society, even though the great spiritual teachers of humanity have all taught otherwise.Read MoreGreat Gatsby essay on relationships806 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Great Gatsby essay: to what extent are relationships doomed Scott Fitzgerald’s famous novel ‘The Great Gatsby’ is set in America of the 1920’s, a predominantly materialistic society revolving around wealth and status above all else. Fitzgerald depicts this obsession with money and luxury through complicated relationships full of trouble, infidelity and sorrow. The relationships Fitzgerald portrays all symbolize the materialism and hedonism of the age; each relationship is doomed to a certain extent

Organizational Behavior Issues and Its Diagnosis Using Concepts

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behavior Issues and Its Diagnosis Using Concepts. Answer: Introduction These days it is deemed impossible to consider a successful company that does not pay considers tension to the organization behavior. It is clarified that the important objective of the company to attain success (Robbins and Judge 2012). Organizational behavior is considered as the study of which the individuals communicate within the groups. Organizational behavior is considered as the study of the individual and group performance as well as activity within the organization. These days it is considered increasingly difficult (Czaplewski et al. 2016). External and internal perspectives are two major theories regarding the way organizational behavior can be viewed by the organization. At the time of summer internship in an organization, I came across several factors those indicated organizational behavior problems. I came across several organizational behavior issues that affected the workplace environment within the organization. The issue was related with the company itself as I cam e to know that increased turnover I the organization indicates that the employees are not sufficiently satisfied in their work environment. I came to observe that the predictors of increased turnover are associated with weak interpersonal interaction where the team members were not willing to cooperate and ignore one another. Such issue needs several solutions and I felt necessary to enhance the situation as soon as possible. I also came to realize that it is not that simple to attain the goal of attaining organizational behavior goals in the absence of well-trained and qualified workforce those have an important role within the competitive market. As I was in the role of an organizational consultant of a health care organization during my summer internship program for this reason, the manager in such scenario recommended having course of actions for resolving the real organizational concerns. For this reason, I attempted to offer a detailed description of the organizational behavior concerns along with discussing the factor those caused such issues in the company. Discussion Underlying Factors Those Caused the Problem For evaluating the organization behavior problem that was faced by the health care organization in which I was in the role of the organizational consultant at the time of my summer internship, I gathered that the poor interpersonal communication in the group was present that resulted in increased employee turnover. I came to realize that in order to solve such organizational behavior issues the description of the major factors causing the issues must be described. I gained knowledge that certain difficulties with the interpersonal communication can affect the low job satisfaction of the employees along with their low morale. I felt that to deal with such issue it is vital to treat all the team members with great respect. I have revealed several factors those have greatly contributed to the poor interpersonal communication and affected low job satisfaction and employee morale. Such factors included increased level of moral and ethical education, employee dishonesty, distrust along wit h misunderstanding, racial abuse, distinct age group, diversified culture, unequal gender relations, unfair wage level and several personal affairs including jealousy and antipathy (DuBrin 2013). During the summer internship within the organization, I came to realize that the above-mentioned factors have resulted in the poor interpersonal communication within the workplace and among the employees. Moreover, I have also observed that this has also resulted in certain conflict situations and even dismissal of the employees. In the health care organization, I gathered that the major factor that resulted in the poor interpersonal communication within the workplace is associated with distinct age groups. The heath care organization is renowned as the oldest health care provider in which there is group of old specialists having work experience of more than thirty years. I have observed that the existing employees not only humiliate the existing young employees but also do not allow them to accomplish all their responsibilities in an efficient manner. I have gathered that the team members in the company constantly point on the mistakes rather than motivating fellow team members to c omplete tasks. I have observed that the young specialists are not satisfied with their job and did not get any promotion I their job for years. Such weak interpersonal communication resulted in increase staff turnover within the company that needs efficient solutions (Miner 2015). Such source of information regarding the organizational behavior has helped me in evaluating the issue of poor interpersonal communication within the health care company. I have also demonstrated the social communication theory as the foundation of the interpersonal relationships evaluation. As an organizational consultant, I considered it necessary to consider the major factors of poor interpersonal communications that can result in critical situations within the company. Based on the situation I can state that such serious situation can decrease the productivity of the company. In the health care organization, I discovered that the interpersonal communication issues in the workplace could attain a great amount of negative responses of the consumers those remain dissatisfied with the health care services provided by the company and by the health care specialist. Problem Causing Factors Related with Concepts of Organizational Behavior The source of the information gathered from the organization has supported my evaluation on the factors causing organizational behavior issues in the health care company. I consider the poor interpersonal communication factors results such as moods and emotions at work, stressful conditions, punishments and rewards, motivation of employees and satisfaction of job. I consider that the observation of the organizational behavior issues can help in developing solutions and I came to realize that the emotion and moods those are experienced by the employees within the organization could affect the job satisfaction. From the organization behavior analysis, I have gathered that the positive interpersonal communication can affect the job satisfaction. I came to know that there are several organizational behavior theories and concepts and one among them is equity theory. Such organizational behavior theory can be deemed as application in our situation in the health care company. I have also observed that this theory attempts to explain the relational satisfaction that considers fair and unfair resource distribution within the organization. I have observed that during my summer internship program that the major idea of relating this organizational behavior theory was that the staff of the organization would believe that the individual is treated in a fair manner. In such scenario, he perceives that the rate of his contribution to the organization is equal to the positive results aged by him by the company (Nahavandi et al. 2013). The outcomes those I revealed to be gathered from the application of this organizational behavior theory in the given situation included offering the employees with recognition, better salary and reputation to increase their job satisfaction. Another organizational behavior theory that I can relate with the situation of the organizational behavior issues faced by the company is the goal setting theory of motivation. From applying such theory in the given organizational situation, I have gathered that the goal setting by the organization and its members is closely related with the performance of the employees within the workplace. I have gained knowledge that as per this theory, the employees must understand the ways to accomplish the goals of their assigned tasks and the ways to gain suitable feedback. I understood that it could help the companies in increasing employee motivation and their productivity at work. Considering the organizational behavior issues faced by the company, I h ave realized that for offering efficient solutions to the issue of poor interpersonal communication that can result in increase employee turnover within the company several effective actions must be taken by the company. I have recommended the organization to conduct regular evaluation of organizational culture. Considering this solution it is deemed essential to strengthen the relationship between the older and younger employees and for this reason organizing special training programs for the younger employees must be provided that will increase their motivation level (Pinder 2014). Conclusion However, this essay, I attempted to offer a detailed description of the organizational behavior concerns along with discussing the factor those caused such issues in the company. From the essay, I gathered that the organizational behavior issues must be resolved by the organization in an efficient manner in order to deal with several serious consequences that include increased employee turnover and loss of the desired productivity and poor reputation of the health care company within the competitive marketplace. From the essay, I also gathered that I came to realize that in order to solve such organizational behavior issues the description of the major factors causing the issues must be described. I gained knowledge that certain difficulties with the interpersonal communication can affect the low job satisfaction of the employees along with their low morale. I felt that to deal with such issue it is vital to treat all the team members with great respect. As an organizational consultant, I considered it necessary to consider the major factors of poor interpersonal communications that can result in critical situations within the company. Based on the situation I can state that such serious situation can decrease the productivity of the company. Reference List Czaplewski, A.J., Key, T.M. and Van Scotter II, J.R., 2016. The Role of Positive Organizational Behavior in Building a WorldClass Service Organization.Leading The Positive Organization: Actions, Tools, and Processes, p.58. DuBrin, A.J., 2013.Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Nahavandi, A., Denhardt, R.B., Denhardt, J.V. and Aristigueta, M.P., 2013.Organizational behavior. SAGE Publications. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T., 2012.Essentials of organizational behavior. Boston: Pearson.

Influence of marginal and absorption costing mething and their similarities Essay Example

Influence of marginal and absorption costing mething and their similarities Essay Influence OF MARGINAL A ; ABSORPTION COSTING Fringy cost is fundamentally a portion of variable cost, which includes the direct labor, Direct Material and Direct Expenses. Fringy cost should be defined as the accounting system where variable system should be charged to the cost of units and the fixed cost for the period of clip which is to the full aggregative part. Its particular value is in determination devising. Fringy cost = Variable cost + Variable Overhead The fringy cost is straight with the volume of production and fringy cost per unit is the same, which consist premier cost that is cost of direct labor, stuff and other variable operating expense. It will be incorporate the fixed cost. The fringy cost is the cost which has been incurred to bring forth an excess unit of production is called fringy cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of marginal and absorption costing mething and their similarities specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of marginal and absorption costing mething and their similarities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Influence of marginal and absorption costing mething and their similarities specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Example If an organisation has produce 1000 unit at cost of ? 20,000 Where as if the addition in 1 unit i.e. 1001 unit and cost would be ? 20200 Then MARGINAL COST would be ? 200. ADVANTAGES OF MARGINAL COST Fringy cost is fundamentally have an advantages of the cost control by and large facilitated to avoiding the fixed operating expense cost and concentrated on to the keeping the consistent of fringy cost utile to assorted degrees of direction. It is fundamentally help to understand to the variable cost and fixed costs. It besides shows the relationship between the cost, monetary value and their volumes. The fringy cost would be aid to the short term net income planning by the interruption even charts and net income graph, and aid to the direction determination. With the fringy cost company can acquire maximal return to the concern. The effects of the production and gross revenues policies are more clearly seen and understand with the fringy cost. Disadvantage There are certain disadvantages would be associated with the marginal costs which are as under. It is really hard to segregate to understand the all the cost which are fundamentally misdirecting the consequence. It should be ignored the fixed cost, which show different image at the clip. The job is that the over or under the overhead cost is apportioned on estimated footing and non on the existent. The clip factor is besides play an critical function where public presentation between two period will bring forth deceptive consequences. ABSORPTION Costing Absorption cost means the cost which includes all the fabrication costs which are absorbed by the unit of green goods. On the other manus, the cost of a finished unit in stock list will include direct stuff, labor and all the variable cost and fixed fabrication operating expense. Absorption costing is contrasted with variable costing or direct costing with the other fabrication operating expense. ADVANTAGES OF ABSORPTION COSTING In soaking up costing will traveling to include all the cost which are related to the concern activities like fixed cost, variable cost and production cost. This cost is besides used for the readying of the fiscal histories when the production of the company should be remains changeless but sale would be fluctuate. DISADVANTAGES OF ABSORPTION COSTING The disadvantages of the soaking up bing would be emphasised on the entire cost i.e. variable and fixed cost. It is non utile the direction for the devising determination about the planning and controlling. An illustration show that difference between fringy cost and soaking up cost. XYZ Ltd. is being started their operation in 2008. There is certain information available for May 2008 to July 2008 about the company s production. To cipher fringy and soaking up cost. Particulars ? Selling monetary values per Unit of measurements 100 Direct Labour Per Units 20 Direct Material per Unit 10 Fixed Factory Overhead Per Months 30000 Variable Factory Overhead per Unit of measurements 5 Fixed Selling Operating expenses 1000 Variable selling Overhead per Unit of measurements 4 Budgeted activities which was expected that 2000 units to be each month green goods and sold for each month were as follows MAY June July Unit of measurement SOLD 1000 800 1300 Unit of measurement PRODUCE 1000 1300 1000 MARGINAL COST Particular MAY June July Gross saless 100000 80000 1100000 Lupus erythematosuss: Variable Cost of Goods sold ( ? 35 ) 35000 28000 385500 PRODUCT CONTRIBUTION MARGIN 65000 52000 71500 Lupus erythematosuss: Variable Selling Operating expense 4000 3200 4400 Entire CONTRIBUTION MARGIN 61000 48800 67100 Lupus erythematosuss: Fixed mill Overhead 30000 30000 30000 Fixed Selling Operating expenses 1000 1000 1000 Net Net income 30000 32800 30100 Absorption Cost Particular MAY June July Gross saless 100000 80000 1100000 LESS: Cost of Goods sold ( ?65 ) 65000 52000 71500 A A 28000 38500 Attention deficit disorder: Absorption of mill operating expense 9000 -3000 GROSS Net income 35000 37000 35500 Lupus erythematosuss: Fixed Selling Operating expense 1000 1000 1000 Variable Selling Operating expense 4000 3200 4400 Net Net income 30000 32800 30100 MARGINAL COST Vs ABSORPTION COST After utilizing the two techniques we had seen that the net net income would non be same at every clip because of following ground. Over and Under Absorption overhead cost In soaking up costing, fixed operating expense can neer absorbed precisely because of trouble in calculating cost and volume of end product. If these balance of under or over captive because of costing net income and loss history, the existent sum incurred is non shown in it, whereas fringy costing is really fixed overhead incurred in entirely charged against part which will be some difference in net net incomes. Difference in Stock Valuation In fringy costing work in advancement and finished stock are valued at fringy cost but in soaking up cost it is calculated as production cost, and that is the ground net income will be different Many of clip soaking up cost and fringy cost consequence would be find as Absorption costing net income = Marginal costing net income Absorption costing net income gt ; Marginal costing net income Absorption costing net income lt ; Marginal costing net income

Letter to Freud an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Letter to Freud by Expert Sweet-Cathy | 08 Dec 2016 Letter to Freud, Dated November 1912, Right After the Lunch Meeting Attended by Freud, Jung and other Psychologists Need essay sample on "Letter to Freud" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Dear Mr. Sigmund Freud, It concerned me a lot to know that you fainted during the lunch meeting with other psychologists. If any consolation, I am happy that Mr. Jung was there to assist despite the growing faction between the two of you. I am fully aware that Mr. Jung has recently developed his own concepts in psychology, different from your own. I am not writing to you to elaborate on them, rather to tell you that despite the growing criticisms around, I stand firm in support of your theories of the mind, and defense mechanisms. People Usually Tell EssayLab specialists: I'm not in the mood to write my paper. Because I don't have the time Essay writers suggest: Don't Waste Your Time I will try to relate my knowledge of your theories with the life of the famous humorist and novelist of our time, Mr. Samuel Langhorne Clemens, also known as Mark Twain. Mr. Clemens was a good friend of mine, thus his death greatly affected me. During his lifetime he confided with me some thoughts, which I would share with you right now, in the hope of gaining from you a better analysis of his personal conflicts. First of all, let me focus on your theory of the unconscious. On the one hand, you said in one lecture that this presents all thoughts, experiences and emotions that we are unaware of. They are either difficult or too painful to bear, that is why people have a tendency to deny or repress them. On the other hand, the conscious mind presents ones thoughts that the person is fully aware of. Relating this with Clemenss life, I remember him telling me about his popularity as a democrat as evident in his writings against racism and his position as the Vice-President of the American Anti-Imperialist League, which he held for nine years. He did his part as a good citizen, and displayed a conscious mind that strongly opposed racial discrimination and bureaucracy. However, in his mind resided a racist upbringing, as his father had a slave, while one of his uncles had several slaves. In addition, in 1860, Clemens voted for a presidential candidate who was pro-slavery, and served in the Confeder ate Army. These only show that while Clemens befriended other cultures, he could be doing this out of a guilty past, which haunted him. To hide this guilt, Clemens established the friendship no one would forget, between a black boy and a white one, in his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. While his conscious mind directed him to write humor in his novels, his unconscious mind still called out to state the inner recesses of his being. For instance, in the novel, The Prince and the Pauper, we see the great humor in the confusion the two boys bring others. However, the humor is replaced with melancholy as the prince was abused physically by the villain. The contradictory attitude in Clemens also makes up the opposition between his conscious and unconscious mind. This could be explained by the hardships he suffered during his childhood, from his stern father, and the deaths of his siblings. Although Clemens tried to repress these realities, always showing the brighter side of him, he could not conceal the unconscious mind that had to deal with the losses he hadboth from his original family and his three children who died before they reached twenties. Such great bereavements could have led Clemens towards repression. As you explained, repression is ones involuntary removal of a threatening or painful past from ones consciousness. By trying to forget his past, however, those painful experiences were made evident in Clemens writings. Even so, the experiences he had helped in making him a well-loved and famous writer. Aside from repression of his childhood memories, I also figure out from Clemenss own confession that he turned to denial. Again, taking from you, Clemens tried to distort reality by denying the sufferings he dealt with in the past. Facing realities like death of a loved one could lead a person to a mournful period, which could come to an end. In Clemens, we unbelievably see an inpidual dealing with too many losses but still maintaining poise and humor. Furthermore, Clemens also seemingly submitted to regression. The use of young characters in his novels tells us this truth. Due to the way he viewed his father (which will be explained later), Clemens regressed by looking at the brighter side of life in the eyes of young boys like Huckleberry Finn. Although Clemens was close to his mother, I do not see this as a way to explain Oedipal complex. With all due respect, Mr. Freud, allow me to elucidate my point in relation to my friends personality. Sifted of confidence, I believe that your concept of Oedipal complex is too assuming and needs further proofs. For instance, I believe that more than competing with his father for his mothers love, Clemens simply hated his father for what the old man did. Clemens told me that his father worked as a shopkeeper and land speculator. During his childhood, he stumbled upon a bloody corpse of a murdered man whose body was dragged into his father's office. This experience disturbed Clemens as a young boy, and affected the way he looked at his father. He could have resented him for it, and resorted to leaning more towards the affection of his mother who was more considerate. As such, his fathers own wrongdoings, and not the Oedipal complex, which you proposed to be innate, caused Clemens to develop resentment towards his father. In summary, I would like to congratulate you for the great contribution you have made in the field of psychology, my own field of work. Your theories certainly help us define personality traits and disorders. Similarly, they assist us in making sense of our clients past to explain present tendencies. In particular, your theories of the conscious and the unconscious, and defense mechanisms are very well acclaimed. I am concluding this letter with the hope that you could send me a reply regarding how you see my friends life, with particular attention to proofs regarding Oedipal complex. Once again, thank you, Mr, Freud! Yours truly, John Reynolds Psychologist References Hergenhahn, B. R., & Olson., M. H. (2007). An introduction to theories of personality. 7 th Ed. NJ: Upper Saddle River. Pearson/Prentice Hall. Merriman, C. D. (2006). Mark Twain. Retrieved January 16, 2008, from http://www.online-literature.com/twain/ Reynolds, David. (1997). Never the Twain shall meet. Retrieved January 16, 2008, from http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/27/reviews/970427.27reynolt.html?_r=2&oref=slogin

The eNotes Blog Literary America Ten Places to Visit for National AuthorsDay

Literary America Ten Places to Visit for National AuthorsDay Mark your calendars and make some plans!   November 1st is National Authors Day.   In 1929, the General Federation of Womens Clubs created the day to honor Americas writers; in 1949, the day was officially recognized by the U.S. Department of Congress. The resolution states, in part, that [b]y celebrating authors day as a nation, we would not only show patriotism, loyalty and appreciation of the men and women who have made American literature possible but would also encourage and inspire others to give of themselves in making a better America. Most of these historic places are privately staffed or state-run, meaning that even if the government shutdown continues, you should be able to visit these homes, museums, and locations: 1.  Edgar Allan Poe Museum, Richmond, VA Called Americas Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe created or mastered the short story, detective fiction, science fiction, lyric poetry and the horror story. His dark genius has invited children and adults to read and love literature for over 150 years. 2.   Mark Twain Study, Elmira, New York   Built by Twains father-in-law, Twain called this retreat The Cozy Nest.   It is located on the campus of Elmira College.   Twains grave is also located in the town of Elmira. 3.   National Steinbeck Center, Salinas, CA   This interactive, 37,000-square-foot center features seven galleries honoring the Nobel Prize-winning author.   The exhibits include a lettuce boxcar from East of Eden  and a re-creation of Steinbecks childhood bedroom. 4.   Walden Pond State Reservation, Concord, Mass Henry David Thoreau lived at Walden Pond from July 1845 to September 1847. His experience at Walden provided the material for the book  Walden, which is credited with helping to inspire awareness and respect for the natural environment. Because of Thoreaus legacy, Walden Pond has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is considered the birthplace of the conservation movement. Park Interpreters provide tours and ongoing educational programs. The Reservation includes the 102-foot deep glacial kettle-hole pond. Mostly undeveloped woods totaling 2680 acres, called Walden Woods, surround the reservation. 5.   William Faulkners Rowan Oak, Oxford, MS Home to William Faulkner and his family for over 40 years, Rowan Oak was originally built in 1844, and stands on over 29 acres of land just south of the Square in Oxford, MS. 6.   Ingalls Homestead, DeSmet, SD Welcome to Ingalls Homestead! Pa Ingalls set claim to this quarter section in 1880. Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote many of her Little House stories about this land. Plan an old-fashioned family day! 7.   Jack London State Historic Park, Glen Ellen, CA   Founded in 1960 with 39 acres including the museum, Londons grave site and the ruins of Wolf House, the park now includes most of Londons holdings and is a National Historic Landmark. 8.   Hemingway Home, Key West, FL   Ernest Hemingway lived and wrote here for more than ten years. Calling Key West home, he found solace and great physical challenge in the turquoise waters that surround this tiny island.   Step back in time and visit the rooms and gardens that witnessed the most prolific period of this Nobel Prize winners writing career. 9.   Alex Haley Museum and House, Henning, TN   The Alex Haley House Museum and  Interpretive Center are educational facilities  dedicated to the collection, preservation, interpretation, and exhibition of artifacts. The  Museum’s comprehensive collections  represent the life and achievements of the  renowned author Alex Haley. The museum  promotes the understanding and appreciation  of history by presenting a range of exhibitions,  programs, and events for the community and  the world. 10.   The Erskine Caldwell Birthplace and Museum, Moreland, GA Take a few minutes to stop by the humble, one-story home, dubbed The Little Manse,   where Erskine Caldwell (author of  Tobacco Road  and  Gods Little Acre) was born.   Personal items such as Caldwells typewriter, childhood books, and his watch, among other personal items, are on display.

Psychoanalytic Treatment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Psychoanalytic Treatment - Case Study Example At the time of the beginning of the writing, he was in his late 60's. Despite this, and the rather difficult demands which travelling to see the doctor placed on Piggle and her parents, the patient herself often demanded to see the doctor, and from an early fate, she talked to him (and he to her) as though Winnicott was a familiar part of the family; Winnicott himself described the parent's visits, and Gabrielle's later insistence on seeing him, as "Psychoanalysis on Demand" (Winnicott, 1991 page XV). This treatment system is relies upon the patient's own demands for help, as and when it is required by them. Winnicott also noted the problems with this system, particularly where the patient cannot be accommodated: The difficulties of being available to the patient, while not simply a puppet to be called on a whim, may present and interesting dilemma, as the system does depend on the whims of the patient, but Winnicott felt that this was a better solution to the needs of the patient than a weekly session "of doubtful value, falling between the two stools and preventing really deep work from being done" (Winnicott, 1991, page 3). The progress of Winnicott's treatment of Gabrielle, with an apparently happy outcome is a very interesting tale from a psychoanalytical perspective. Firstly, Winnicott did not see Gabrielle in a series of fixed sessions, but according to Gabrielle's own desires, and Winnicott describes their last session as "More like a visit from a friend to a friend" (Winnicott, 1991, page 195). Secondly, the treatment appeared to satisfy the parents, who received back the child they had seemingly lost; and Gabrielle herself seemed very satisfied with the treatment, and the troubles which she had had at the beginning were apparently ended through the analysis. This, of course, was not a course proscribed by the doctor; indeed, three years seems a very much longer period than that taken by Freud in the treatment of his patients; and no-one would suggest that the return-visit by Dora, for example, was the visiting of a friend to a friend. The gradual development of the girl, from someone who clearly exhibited a number of anxiety responses, including bad dreams and depression, to a schoolgirl who was seen at the age of 5 as very happy, at age 8 as 'very competent at her work" (Winnicott, page 200), and with what were seen as proper feminine ambitions: to be a teacher, to grow plants; however, and her parents consider that Her inner independence of judgement, and also perhaps a way Of being in touch with people on many wave-lengths, make Me wonder whether thesatisfying experience of being Understood on a deep level may not be continuing. (Winnicott, page 200). However, her conceptions about what were actually happening in the analysis may not have been that of an adult patient; Gabrielle clearly did not feel "Under Analysis", instead, she described her visits to the doctor as occurring when he was writing his autobiography, and that "He used to write and I used to play" (Winnicott, page 201). It may be an interesting question to consider whether the child benefited so much from psychoanalysis as the chance to play and talk away from her

A banana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A banana - Essay Example Bananas come from the â€Å"genus Musa of the family Musaceae† (â€Å"banana†), and the seedless, edible ones come from the â€Å"species M. acuminata Colla or the hybrid M. X paradisiaca L.† (Morton 30). The different species of banana provide a clue to the fruit’s geographical origins, which is usually found in countries with tropical climates like Brazil, India, and Indonesia. Having various hybrids, meanwhile, further expands the fruit’s varieties and ensures continuous cultivation and propagation. Bananas are classified into major groups, such as Sucrier and Gros Michel, the Cavendish subgroup, and other cultivars (Morton 35). Mostly found in Colombia, the Philippines, and Burma, bananas from the Sucrier group are small in size, mostly sweet, and covered in thin skin (Morton 35). Due to their size and taste, bananas from this group are readily consumable and incorporated in dessert recipes. The Gros Michel group produces bananas that are larger from the ones in Sucrier group, yellow in color, and usually found in South America, Central Africa, and the Caribbean (Morton 36). The Cavendish subgroup, meanwhile, includes the Giant Cavendish, Dwarf Cavendish, and Bungulan (Morton 37). Medium-sized, thin-skinned, and delicate, the Dwarf Cavendish is usually found in China, East Africa, and South Africa. The Giant Cavendish is larger than Dwarf Cavendish, and closely resembles the Gros Michel (Morton 37). Riping unevenly during winter and prone to storage spoilage, Bungulan is mostl y used for cooking in Jamaica (Morton 38). Banana uses for food are as diverse as its varieties and hybrids. Eaten raw, a banana is peeled, sliced, or mixed with other fruits. Bursts of sweetness and undertones of tanginess are released from biting the soft, starchy flesh of a banana. Broiled or baked ripe bananas can be served with peanuts and brown sugar (Morton 41). When added in dessert recipes, a banana’s flavor and mushy

The Brand Strength of easyJet Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Brand Strength of easyJet Plc - Essay Example Removing extras from the service model such as establishment of first-class seating and meals allows a firm to cut costs all throughout the entire value chain (Thompson 2008). easyJet recognises that the majority of its customers are going to be price sensitive, thus in order to maintain market interest easyJet cannot deviate from its value model. The original marketing concept for easyJet in the last decade has been to â€Å"make flying as affordable as a pair of jeans† and where the company attempts to persuade consumers to cut out the travel agent role in booking and vacation planning (easyJet 2012). The TV series, Airline, created by LWT was a UK television series surrounding the dramas of actors employed with easyJet that ultimately made easyJet a household name in the UK (easyJet 2012). In order to establish brand recognition in key markets during initial marketing strategies, product placement and logo presentation in highly-valuable television markets built the ability of the company to have its logos and colours recognised instantaneously. easyJet has yet to deviate from this strategy of using logo and design characteristics associated with the organisation (e.g. orange and black) to differentiate the organisation from competition. The aggressive product placement strategies have built the brand equity currently experienced by easyJet. According to the company, â€Å"orange is one of our greatest distinguishing features. It is an essential part of our brand heritage and brand identity† (easyGroup 2011, p.5). When attempting to create brand recall using logo presentation, it is necessary to use consistent colour representations in order to appeal to consumers’ psychological characteristics... In the essay the business strategy of easyJet is about the original marketing concept for easyJet in the last decade has been to â€Å"make flying as affordable as a pair of jeans† and where the company attempts to persuade consumers to cut out the travel agent role in booking and vacation planning. Then goes the exploration of the brand strength of easyJet. easyJet has maintained its positive market position by using strategies that are not only aligned with budget-conscious consumers, but also those that promote convenience as part of market positioning strategy. easyJet is also able to rely on sponsorships and alliances throughout the entire business model in order to gain even more brand credibility and establish a set of values that are expressed positively to consumer markets. easyJet partnered with VisitBritain, a government sponsored marketing effort designed to lure more domestic and international tourism for the UK. easyJet also conducts considerable market research analyses both on internal processes and on what is driving consumer-centric trends in the external environment. Strengths for easyJet are the advantages that are provided the business as it relates to the tangible industry market. After the analysis of findings, we know the ability to achieve significant, record revenue gains in a market environment that has moved into maturity is a notable accomplishment for easyJet. At last, easyJet is a benchmark for using efficient brand enhancing activities in which promotional focus gives the brand more visibility.

Propaganda Theories and Models: The MH370 Incident

Propaganda Theories and Models: The MH370 Incident PROPAGANDA THEORY ON THE MH370 INCIDENT Contents (Jump to) INTRODUCTION PROPAGANDA THEORY RELATING TO MH370 INCIDENT COUNTER PROPAGANDA BY THE GOVERNMENT REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Mystery continues to surround the fate of Malaysia Airlines flight MH370, which disappeared en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing on 8 March. Malaysian authorities, assisted by international aviation and satellite experts, are now battling to piece together the planes final hours in the hope that they can find its wreckage and explain what happened to its 239 passengers and crew. Some preliminary details were released on 1 May in a short report. Accordingly, many propaganda arises on this issue. Some of propaganda emanating from the local media and not to forget from abroad. If we look from the point of propaganda theory itself, there is some good propaganda that led to the issue of loss MH370, but there also resulting in a negative impact on public perception towards the way the government is dealing with the issue. To deal with the propaganda that apply to this incident, we will analyze whether the form of propaganda, the propaganda perspective itself and how the government to overcome this problem. Merriam Webster Dictionary gives the definition of propaganda as ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc. the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person, ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further ones cause or to damage an opposing cause; also : a public action having such an effect First introduced by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky (1988), Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, the propaganda model argues that the material news through five filters, which in turn form the audience received the news. This filter determines what is considered newsworthy events, how they are covered, where they were placed in the media and how much coverage they receive. Propaganda model of media control that was introduced by Edward. S. Herman and Noam Chomsky (1988) states how propaganda works in the media. This model tries to understand how populations are manipulated, and how social, economic, political attitudes are formed in the minds of the people through propaganda. Herman and Chomsky are mostly concentrated in the American population and the media for their research, but the theory applies universally. Propaganda model seeks to explain the behavior of the media by examining the institutional pressures that limit and influence the news content in a profit-driven system. In contrast to liberal theories that argue that journalism is defined hostility power, the propaganda model predicts that the company-owned news media will consistently produce news content that serves the interests of established power (Herman Chomsky, 1988). PROPAGANDA THEORY RELATING TO MH370 INCIDENT Among the propaganda that exists from within Malaysia itself mostly spread through social media on the internet, given the sophistication of the current information age, there are blogs and websites questioned the credibility of the government and even spread propaganda relating to this issue of MH370. Among the widely disseminated propaganda on the website saying that Malaysia experienced a bad media Especially from the Western press and especially CNN and Extension of this, of good journalistic practice for hazardous and agenda driven, further lead to more conspiracy theories especially the involvement of CNN.The Mole reproduces an article written by Matthias Chang, the profession as a lawyer, social activist, author and political analyst. He reveals how the MH370 is a multi-dimensional, and why the Zionist hands should not be overlooked. Although somewhat lengthy, is worth reading every word printed: Before proceeding with Expose of Zionist propaganda Insidious Dastardly and Israel on the Cessation of MH 370, let me take this opportunity to convey my personal condolences and that of my family to a family who loves Ones have been killed in this tragedy and we hope ur strength to overcome the disadvantage pint them.† He would also commend the Malaysian governments efforts in the SAR Mission involved 26 countries that had never happened before. Allegations of unfair and unfounded against the Malaysian government made by many people in social media who do not have a clue and or expertise to comment on the operation of the Standard and Poors scale. Another propaganda that there is involvement from the United States, which was propagated that where Maldives island Residents reported sighting of low flying jet on the morning of the planes Disappearance thats was finally Reported on twelve days after the fact. The pilot of the missing plane had a home flight simulator, Which was been Reported twelve days later to contain the landing simulation program of the Diego Garcia runway along with four other Approaches in the region. Whether any, all, or none of this information is true is still a matter of Conjecture. What Remains thats a fact is not a trace of the Malaysian 777-200ER has been found. At his daily news briefing on 3-18-14, WH spokesperson Jay Carney has denied any Involvement of the Diego Garcia facility with the Disappearance of flight MH370. In addition to conspiracy theories involving the United States, one side is highly spoken of as real mastermind behind the MH370 is a tribe of lost Jewish or Israeli. It is the act of buying and Israel has a Boeing 777 2H6 (ER) long owned Malaysian Airline (MAS). Aircraft twin MH370 has been recorded at a small airport in Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrà ©nà ©es, France on October 4, 2013 before he was taken to Ben Gurion Airport, Tel Aviv, Israel on 4 November 2013. Understandable, MAS Boeing 777 aircraft with serial number 28 416 and registered as 9M-MRI has been sold to GA Telesis, LLC in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on October 21, 2013 before the N105GT.Pesawat registered as recorded in Tarbes Lourdes Pyrenees on October 4, 2014 before taken to Tel Aviv a month later. The question is, why would Israel want to buy and have a long plane MAS this? If referred back Israeli reactions associated loss MH370, a security expert of the country, Isaac Yeffet relate it to the theory that MH370 have been captured by the terrorists and taken to Iran to be used for a series of terror will come. Yeffet reportedly gave a statement to the Times of Israel: What happened to this aircraft, nobody knows. My guess is based upon the stolen passports, and I believe Iran was INVOLVED. They hijacked the aircraft and they landed it in a place that nobody can see or find it. (There is no case what has happened to the aircraft. Based on reported cases of stolen passports, I believe Iran is involved in this case. They had seized the plane and fly it into a place that cannot be found). Another propaganda that arises during the incident came from the opposition parties, where they claim that the incident crated by the government was to create a diversion to the voter, as coincidently at that time Kajang by-election was taking place. The propaganda was that by showing the great effort towards the search and rescue operations, the government will the heart of the voters. Actually, there was so many propaganda arises during the incident even until now, people are still fed with various elements of propaganda for the positive and negative as well. If we examine this theory from the angle of propaganda, the government should also take the opportunity by using this incident as their leverage in building up the government credibility. COUNTER PROPAGANDA BY THE GOVERNMENT According to brownpoliticalreview.org in its reports, the recent disappearance of Malaysian Airlines Flight MH370 and the resulting media spotlight has revealed Malaysia’s fundamental shortcomings and glaring political issues. While the plane’s disappearance itself is horrendous – in particular for the many families left in limbo – the Malaysian government’s handling of the situation has drawn considerable international disapproval which leads to the dissemination of the propaganda. In order to deal with the issue of propaganda in connection with the issue of MH370, the government shall be wise to use methods and tactics namely through counter propaganda. Counterpropaganda is a structure of communication consisting of method in use and messages relayed to resist propaganda which seeks to manipulate action or perspectives among a targeted audience. It is closely linked to propaganda as the two often utilize the same methods to transmit methods to a targeted audience. Counterpropaganda differs from propaganda as it is defensive and responsive to identified propaganda. in addition, counterpropaganda consists of several elements that further differentiate it from propaganda and ensure its efficiency in opposing propaganda messages. While propaganda messages may not always be straightforward, efficient counterpropaganda commonly only broadcast the truth. Without a doubt, counterpropaganda is generally understood to be the truthful, honest opposition to an adversarys propaganda. Counterpropaganda communicates honest messages for ethical and realistic reasons. Looking though reporting of the event, the government from the beginning should report the facts related to this incident. Counter propaganda elements should be applied to achieve the best effect. Reporting matters of fact, although filtered, to some extent can relieve speculations made by the public, especially from the families involved. This can create a deficiency or weakness in reporting which leads to the dissemination of wild propaganda, even more so from the opposition. References: Chomsky, Noam and Herman, Edward. (1988) Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon Books. Cole, Robert. (1996)Propaganda in Twentieth Century War and Politics Lasswell, Harold D.. (1971)Propaganda Technique in World War I. Cambridge, Mass: The M.I.T. Press. Garth Jowett and Victoria ODonnell, Propaganda and Persuassion, 4th ed. Sage Publications, 7 Herbert Romerstein, Counterpropaganda: We Cant Do Without It,] in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008), 135. [Frontpost, Nachrichten fà ¼r Deutsche Soldaten, Herausgeber: Die Amerikanischen Truppen in Westeuropa,] No. 1(March 1945), 3 in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008), 144-145.

Biography of a Homeless Man Essay -- essays research papers

I hear them get closer and closer as the porch creaks every step to the door. My heart feels like its pounding through my chest, and sweat is pouring off my face as I sprint in a panic. I hear the key turning and the door opening just as I jump out the window.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’ve been staying in that house for over a week now. It’s for sale and real estate agents come by every few days to show it. I’m a light sleeper and I’ve been able to slip out before anyone can see I’ve been staying there. I have no where to go except the street, mission centers, and buildings I break into.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I make my way to the mission center about 6 miles away. My feet ache and my stomach hurts from what little food I’ve had to start the day. I panhandled for about an hour making enough money to last a few days. I arrive at the mission just in time before they quite serving breakfast. The smell of sausage makes my stomach squirm with desire. I inhale the biscuits and gravy they have served me and wish for more. I don’t bother asking for more because I know there answer is no.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I make my way down the road to McDonalds because my stomach still aches from the lack of food lately. Luckily I made over ten dollars panhandling by a freeway entrance for about an hour. I also use their bathroom to wash my face and clean my self up somewhat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’m a rare homeless man in the fact that most of my peers are addicts. I choose not to involve my self in that scene. I can’t afford a place to sleep, so...

Understand Child and Young Persons Develpment

Understand Child and Young Person Development. Core 3. 1 1. 1 The term â€Å"Sequence† of child development refers to the how we expect a child to develop from the day it was born to the age of 19. Child Development is the biological, physiological and all the emotional changes that happen during these formative years as the child goes from dependency to autonomy. These changes could be hugely influenced by genetics, events that occur whilst in the womb and during prenatal development and are usually included in most studies of child development.Developmental changes are different. They occur as a result of a genetically controlled process called maturation or as a result of environmental factors and learning (home life and school for example) but these changes most commonly happen as a result of a combination of them both. It can also be a result of â€Å"human nature† which is the ability of the growing child to in fact learn from their environment. Human beings and e specially children have a keen sense to adapt to their surroundings and this is what child development covers and includes.A child’s development is continually happening and can be measured in many different ways and although the child will develop at different rates and in different ways, the sequence in which this happens will follow the same sort of pattern . This is because in most examples they need to learn one skill before they can move onto the next. An example is walking. The child will need to learn to walk before they can run or jump etc. Development in children is more rapid in the early stages with many milestones happening in quick succession.This slows down as the child becomes a young adult with the milestones becoming further apart. (Cache children and young people’s workforce p49) The table below looks more closely at the aspects of child development. THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES CHART Age| Intellectual| Social / Emotional| Language| Gross motor| Fine Mot or| Infant – Birth to one year| Uses hands and mouth to learn| Forms a bond with parents, will begin to recognise faces and smiles, at about 6months will recognise parents and be fearful of strangers. | Starts being ocal and using terms such as â€Å"mammy and daddy†| Lifts head first then chest, rolls over, pulls to sit, crawls and stands alone| Reaches for objects and picks up small items, clutches onto toys, e. g. Rattle | Toddler 1-2 years| Begins to learn words for objects and people| Learns that self and parent(s) are different or separate from each other, imitates and performs tasks, indicates needs or wants without crying| Can follow simple instructions and say more words than just â€Å"mammy and daddy†| Can walk, stop, jump and throw things like a ball. Unbuttons clothes, builds tower of 4 cubes, scribbles, uses spoon, picks up very small object| Preschool2-5 years| Understands things such as tired, hungry and cold, recognises colours, becomes aware of numbers and letters| Begins to separate easily from parent(s), dresses with assistance, washes and dries hands, plays interactive games like tag. follows directions, can make simple sentences of two or three words, vocabulary increases Names pictures| Runs well, hops, pedals tricycle, balances on one foot| Buttons Clothes, builds tower of 8 cubes, copies simple figures or letters| School age 5-12 years| Develops understanding of numeracy and literacy concepts, learns relationship between objects and feelings, acquires knowledge and understanding| Acts independently, but is emotionally close to parent(s) dresses without help, join same sex play groups and clubs| Defines words, know and describes what things are made of, vocabulary increases| Skips, balances on one foot for 10 seconds, overestimates physical abilities| Draws person with 6 parts, copies detailed figures and objects| 12-18 years| Understands abstract concepts like illness and death, develops understanding of complex id eas| Experiences rapidly changing moods and behaviour, interested in peer group almost exclusively, distances from parent(s) emotionally, concerned with body image, likely to have first sexual relationship| Uses increased vocabulary, understands more abstract concepts like grief| May appear awkward and clumsy while learning to deal with rapid increases in size due to growth spurts| Fully developed| 18 +years| Continues to develop the ability to make good decisions and to understand the complexity of human relationships| Becomes independent form parent(s), own lifestyle, and career, social and economic changes, develop interests, chooses a partner, becomes a parent. | Continues to develop knowledge and vocabulary of different styles of language used| Fully developed| Fully developed| (Cache Children and young people’s workforce p51-66) 1. 2Child development is the term used to describe how the child will grow through a progression of developmental milestones. All children are believed to follow the same sequence of growth (the child will crawl, then stand, then walk for example) this is called the normative pattern. What we need to know is that not all children follow this pattern and for example some children will miss out stages altogether. One example of this is blind children and some children may decide to bottom shuffle and not bother with the â€Å"crawling phase†. The traditional approach to monitoring this is to use this normative measure which as I have mentioned already is the milestones in which we measure our child’s development.These actually only show what most children can do and in reality many factors such as genetic, cultural and social factors will all have an effect on the child’s development and it is important we take this into account before labelling children â€Å"advanced or backward. † The sequence of development refers to the stages of which a child develops; the rate of development is how fast the child is expected to achieve these developmental milestones. It is important to realise that the normative measurements can only indicate general trends and cannot be taken as â€Å"normal† . It is very important to realise that while the sequence of development may be somewhat the same in most children, the rate or speed in which the child develops can vary in many ways.Things that have a massive effect on the rate of a child’s development can include environment (home life) culture (religious beliefs), ability, the amount of stimulation a child receives and input (from parents for example). It is important to understand the difference between the rate and the sequence of a child’s development as this will equip you with the knowledge you need in order to plan effectively with your child and will help you identify any concerns which you may have within the developmental process. (Cache Children and young people’s workforce) 2. 1-2. 2 A child’s gr owth and development can be affected by many factors, with some having more of an affect than others.They can be split into two categories which I will go into more depth later. These are Personal factors (such as genetics and health related issues) and External factors (such as poverty, family life, personal choice and social interaction. ) Below is a diagram illustrating things which can affect a child’s development? Disability or special needs. Inherited (downs) or chronic (Autism) Disability or special needs. Inherited (downs) or chronic (Autism) Finances (living in poverty) Finances (living in poverty) Education (home schooled, private or state) Education (home schooled, private or state) Cultural background (Religion or beliefs) Cultural background (Religion or beliefs)Health status, Antenatal issues (smoking, drinking, drugs) Health status, Antenatal issues (smoking, drinking, drugs) Social class (lower, working, upper) Social class (lower, working, upper) Genetics, Bi rth problems Genetics, Birth problems Family Environment and background (loving or divorced parents) Family Environment and background (loving or divorced parents) Gender Gender Interpersonal Relationships Interpersonal Relationships Personal Factors influencing development. Genetic Influences Many studies believe it is both our environment and our genetics which will mould us into the person we ultimately become. Our chromosomes are where we find our genes.Parents pass these onto their children via their cells (the sperm and the egg). Alleles are different versions of the same gene and it’s this which can determine distinctive features such as eye colour, but also it is this which could lead to the inheritance of disorders such as cystic fibrosis. A baby’s development is also affected during pregnancy(before the birth) ,at the time of the birth and after the birth. Examples include a woman not knowing she is pregnant in the early stages and carrying on with all her ba d habits (drinking, smoking, drug taking and diet. ) It’s at these crucial first 12 weeks in the uterus when all the essential organs are being formed. This is called the antenatal period.A child being born before term (37 weeks) and therefore is born prematurely may need intensive care and this could affect development. Health Status A child’s health status can have a great effect on how it develops. This is determined by genetic inheritance but can also be affected by factors such as diet, environment, and what health care they receive. Some children are born with conditions which affect their development (these include Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis and heart defects). Other illnesses which may develop over time( including asthma and diabetes) will also have an effect on the child’s development if for example they have frequent visits to the hospital and miss school or their activaties are restricted because of their condition.External Factors Influencing Dev elopment. Poverty This is the single biggest thing that threatens the healthy development of children and young people in Great Britain and can have an effect on all areas of a child’s development (Physical, Intellectual, Language, Emotional, Social, and Spiritual. ) This threat is part of the â€Å"cycle of deprivation† where poorer families will tend to live in poorer housing; they may also have a poor diet which will not provide all the right vitamins and minerals which will affect the child’s immune system which will have a knock on affect to the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Other things which are linked to poverty are:Accidents and illness: Children from poorer backgrounds are four times more likely to have an accident than those from higher up the social ladder. Quality of life: many children from lower classes have none or little toys, meals and clothes Poor diet: As I mentioned above a poor diet comes hand in hand with low income fami lies as they more times than not have to buy the cheaper brands or processed convenience foods. Space to live and play: poorer children are more likely to be limited in their play space as the housing which they live will is more likely to be small and substandard. Growth: Poorer children are more likely to be smaller at birth and shorter in height. Education: Children from the lower classes are more likely to have poor attendance and less likely to do well.Long Term Effects: As adults they are more likely to be homeless, be unemployed, and become involved in drug abuse, offending or be in abusive relationships. Social Interaction There is a lot of research to show that social isolation or a lack or opportunity’s to socialise ( playgroup, family members, mother and baby groups, toddler groups) can lead to early child development issues such as speech problems , the inability to share or in fact the ability to socialise with people in a civilised manner. The social environment in which a child is raised can have a dramatic effect on their development. An example of this would be a child who has had no contact with neighbours, family members or classmates.Family Environment and background The situation at home will have a huge effect on a young person or child’s development. A child may seem physically healthy but if they are unhappy and are not enjoying their time at home this is will most definitely be affecting their development. Things a child needs include: Love and affection: A child needs unconditional love and affection from their primary carers whoever this may be (Parents, Grandparents, Foster Parents etc. ) A child needs to feel safe and secure. Stimulation: a child needs the right amount of stimulation for healthy growth and development. Too little or too much will result in unhealthy developmentOpportunities to play: It is common sense that all children need to play to develop, then on from that, young people need to be given the oppor tunity to socialise and have leisure opportunity’s (such as learning an instrument or joining a sports club). A child’s social and emotional development is majorly influenced by the foundations which the family unit creates. Most parents will provide a nurturing unconditional loving family environment where their child will embrace and flourish within it. There are some carers or parents who, for a lot of different reasons will not provide this nurturing platform which all children need. Examples of this include carers with mental health issues, drug misuse, marital conflict and violent behaviour.Theories Regarding Child Development. Theories of child development can be said to be a set of principles that are designed to explain or predict some things. There have been many theories over the years by many scientists and psychologists and they have come up with a multitude of different perspectives as to why a child will do certain things within their development. Theori es not only provide an extended outline of understanding, they also allow educated guesses or hypotheses about some parts of a Childs development that are not clearly understood yet. These theories can provide a bounce board for other research but they also have some practical benefits.They can be useful (if you are a parent, teacher, therapist or carer) as a reference point when you need to make important decisions within the Childs lives and a well-founded theory can provide valuable information in making responsible decisions. On the flip side though, some child development theories can be limiting and misleading and can in fact hinder or jeopardise a Childs development if the primary carer follows this theory to the letter. It is with this in mind that it is vital to compare and evaluate a lot of theories before acting upon them and it is with this comparing and contrasting that you will find that a lot of theories strengths and weaknesses will be highlighted. There are many the ories out there and underneath I will be going into a few of them in more detail. Alfred Bandura (Social learning theory) Main theory: Learning takes place by imitation.The social learning theory suggests that people will learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modelling. This theory has been renamed â€Å"the social cognitive theory† this is to accommodate later developments of this theory. Albert Bandura found that children tend to copy people they hold in high status (parents etc. ) especially so if these people are warm or have powerful personalities. This theory could lead us on to the fact that we should very aware of our behaviour in front of children and the effect this could have on them. Things to think about: * If children are smacked by adults will they be more likely to smack other children? * If children are shouted at by other adults, are they more likely to shout at other children? If children are given explanations, are they more likely to explain things to other * If children are comforted when they fall, are they more likely to do the same to others? How this affects practise * You will have to be very wary of the language and behaviour you use in front of your children. * It could a useful theory to use if you want your children to experience role play. * Being a good role model can only help the child. * This theory allows learning without direct experience. * Promotes positive behaviour. If you are positive this will rub off on the child. Transmission theories There are three main theorists involved in transmission theories.John Locke: He thought that the child was an empty vessel and that they can be shaped by the adult and that children can be shaped by external factors and these are greater influences than any genetic involvements (nature v nurture) Ivan Pavlov: (classical conditioning): Pavlov’s theory was his famous conditioned Reponses in dogs experiment. Pavlov likes to be known as a physiologist ra ther than a psychologist as he believed the two were linked and were useful and scientific. Classical conditioning is the way in which responses are under the control of new stimulus. In his case the â€Å"conditioned† stimulus was a church bell and the â€Å"unconditioned† stimulus was food. His experiment involved feeding the dogs every time the church bell rang. This eventually produced an â€Å"unconditional† response from the dogs which was saliva flowing from the dogs mouth when the food appeared.This would then gradually change into saliva being produced with any bell noise thus producing a â€Å"conditioned† response from the dogs. Food will produce salivation, but it’s this change in stimuli using classical conditioning which means that saliva is being produced with the sound of the bells and not the actual food. Pavlov’s Experiment Burris Frederick Skinner: (operant conditioning) Skinners main theory was one of that reinforcement a nd punishment moulds behaviour and children are conditioned by their experiences. Skinner maintained that learning occurred through responding to the environment and he coined the term â€Å"operant conditioning† to describe this phenomenon.He did extensive research with animals, notably with rats and pigeons. I t was skinner who invented the famous box in which a rat learns to press a lever in order to obtain food. He gave rats a reward of food if they pressed the lever. This was positive reinforcement. The desired behaviour was rewarded. Conversely, undesired behaviour could be negatively reinforced. The rats would receive an electric shock every time they went near one area of a maze and they would then begin to avoid that area. The undesired behaviour was got rid of and the desired behaviour was encouraged. How this affects Practise. Positve reinforcemnet includes * Special helper Kindness awards * Points * Stickers * Special jobs * Star of the week * Trips out * Priase o r golden time. Negative reinforcement includes: * Lines * Detention * PunishmentThings taken from or kept from the child. The effects this has on practise is that it will provide motivation for the child to behave and also to put that lirttle bit more effort in than they would normally if they have something to aim for at the end of the week or day. It will give the child encouragement to repeat the good behaviour or effort upon recieving their treat or reward. Social constructavist theory Jean Piaget: This is the theory where all other theories are judged.His main theory is that the development of children take place in distinct stages of cognitive development. The adult does have an influence but the child is building their own thinking systems. Piaget believed that nature and nurture interact to create cognitive development. He claims that children when learning: * Go through stages and sequences in their learing * Are active learners * Use first hand Experiences and prior experi ences in order to learn. * Imitate and transform what they learn in to symbolic behaviour. He devolped four stages of cognitive learing. 1: Sensory motor stage (0-2 years) the child explores using its senses( sucking ,grasping etc) : Pre operational stage (2- 7 years) The toddler understands the use of symbols and language and this can be understood. 3: Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) the child can now conserve and begin to reason logically. The child can now solve problems but their sucessful reasoning is largely limited to concrete situations. 4. Formal operational years (11-16 years) the child is now developed and can show logical thinking and be able to work through abstract problems. Piaget view on a child as an active learner. Piagets three process: 1. Assimilation: this process is where people translate information in to a form they can understand. 2. Accomodation: This is where people adapt current knowladge in reponse to new experiences. 3.Equilibration: this is whe re people balance assimilation and accomodation to create a stable understanding. Implications in practise. Piagets theory suggests that childrens distictive ways of thinking at different ages need to be considered when deciding how best to teach them. In addition beacuse children learn by mentally and physically interacting with their environment, relative phsical activites are important in educational practise. How they influence current practise: * The language we use with the children * The resources you provide for the children * The need to incorporate role play * Activities( what to do with the resources at hand) * The way in which we chack for understanding from the child * We can question certain techniquesWhat are social constructivists? A social constructivist feels that the adult will play an active role in helping the children through their stages of development. Lev Vygotsky: He was a russian psychologist who died prematurely. His theory dates back to 1924 and he devel oped ideas that there was relationship between language and thinking and cognative development. His theory empahsised the roles of historical, cultural and sociual factors in cognition and argued that language was the most important symbolic tool provided by society. He said that the ZAD (the zone of actual develpment) is where the child will develop naturally with out the adults help.He then says that the ZPD( the zone of proximal devlepment) is where the adult helps and he believes that adult intervention is crucial for the child to move between actual and proximal development. Jerome Bruner: he belived that learning was an â€Å"innate† function. He believes that children â€Å"do â€Å" â€Å"imagine† then â€Å"translate† them into sense through schemas and that older children create symbols to imterpret what they have done. Bruners three stages of development are: * Enactive (0-1 yrs) Doing * Iconic (1-7 yrs) Imagining * Symbolic (7+) Using symbolic repr esentations Bruner also has his theory of â€Å"scaffolding† where he does recognise the importance of adult support.The easist way to get your head round this is to imagine the adult as the â€Å"scaffold† round the child, a bit like the scaffolding on a building. The adult moves and grows with the child offering them â€Å" support â€Å" and reinforcement on the way. How this effects current practise * We can use this to observe the children * We can look at the prefered learnign styles considered * This theory basically sums up the role of a teaching assistant â€Å" supprort and reinforcement† * Intorduce new concepts to expand learning * Will influence the way in which you question a child Humanistic Approach. Abraham Maslow and Mia Keller Pringle. Maslow created a theory of human needs that was relevant to all ages not just for children. This was known as the humanistic approach.He said that there was five levels of need and his theory suggested that ea ch level had to be â€Å"met† before you could progresson to the next one. Maslow also said that it was almost impossible to reach your full potentiol if the lower needs were not sufficiently met. Maslows Hierachy of needs. How this may impact on current practise. There are many ways this theory could impact on practise: * Keeping an eye out for the childs basic needs( Hungry, clothing, tired,) * Awareness of bullying and social exclusion * Having a homework club (where the older children could help the younger ones. ) * Praise( Give praise when a child Produces a good piece of work) * Having a â€Å"Get to know you† activity or activities Understanding problems with a child( enabling you to asses the need of the child so he/she can progress) * Promote a positive learning environment which is individual to the children. * Devolop a â€Å"Culture† where the child feels comfortable to come forward and say they have a need that is not being met. Mia Kellmer Pringle Pringle suggested that there are four primary needs that have to be met from birth. Love and security: this is probably the most important one of the four as this provides the basis for all future relationships. A child will also have objects as â€Å"security blankets† ie a favorite toy which they will use when they feel threatened or upset.The child will want routine which helps with their development and also they will need attachment which comes in the form of a caring a stable family. New experiences: this is a fundemantal requirement for cognitive development. In ealry life the act of playing and using new language as well as revisiting previous experiences and accesing new and demanding phsical and mental challenges all help in the childs cognitive development. This goes with them through to adolecence where they will start experimenting with boyfriends/ girlfriends and get involved in team roles etc. Praise and recognition: Strong incentives are vital for a child who is going through a difficult time.If a child is constantly put down or told they are useless it becomes a self fullfilling prophecy where the child has low expectations leads them onto low achievement. This will eventually lead onto the child never getting into any situations where they feel they will fail. Responsibility: It is also very inportant to structure the childs environment so he/she have challenges which reflect their interests and ability levels, this will encourage independance and co operation. Pringle goes along the same lines as Maslow so their impacts on practise are similar. Produce a routine the children are familiar with Plan trips out( get them interested in a musical instrument or have a themed week) Recognise cultural normsMake a child feel valued and Individual Have a School council( Promoting responsibilty) Welcome the child to his/her new setting( name on the peg, â€Å"get to know you activites) Give them jobs( registor monitor,handout milk etc) Leave it to nature Theories ( laissez faire model) Rousseau: was an 18th century philsopher who thought that the child will †learn naturally† and they were genetically engineered to learn certain things at certain times. He thought that a childs learning unfolds like a flower and that babbling leads onto talking which leads onto writing and reading, the same way kicking the legs and crawling leads onto walking and running.This theory suggests that adults mould the childs development through the environment they create and this â€Å"environment† will support the childs learning and help it to unfold. One example being speech. If a childs environment is all English speaking, the child will speak english, if a child hears both chinese and English it will become multi ligual and speak both languages. This view suggests that the child will do what they need to devolp and learn naturally. It sees the child as â€Å"active† in their own learing and as the adult do not ne ed to act this is sometimes reffered to as the laissez faire view of how children learn. Rousseau mapped a set of developmental norms charting expected development.He believed that development followed a sequence and identified ‘normal’ age ranges of achievement. A depressing approach for children with special needs. Gessel: In the 1930s he mapped out a set of developmental norms which charted expectent development in children. These norms mapped out the childs expected development and this followed a sequence which identified the normal age ranges of achievement. This was also a very depressing approach for any children who have disabilites or learning needs. Gessels spiral of development. How this approach impacts on current practise. You will have an understanding that you can observe and not always intervene in a childs behaviour. Understand Child and Young Persons Develpment Understand Child and Young Person Development. Core 3. 1 1. 1 The term â€Å"Sequence† of child development refers to the how we expect a child to develop from the day it was born to the age of 19. Child Development is the biological, physiological and all the emotional changes that happen during these formative years as the child goes from dependency to autonomy. These changes could be hugely influenced by genetics, events that occur whilst in the womb and during prenatal development and are usually included in most studies of child development.Developmental changes are different. They occur as a result of a genetically controlled process called maturation or as a result of environmental factors and learning (home life and school for example) but these changes most commonly happen as a result of a combination of them both. It can also be a result of â€Å"human nature† which is the ability of the growing child to in fact learn from their environment. Human beings and e specially children have a keen sense to adapt to their surroundings and this is what child development covers and includes.A child’s development is continually happening and can be measured in many different ways and although the child will develop at different rates and in different ways, the sequence in which this happens will follow the same sort of pattern . This is because in most examples they need to learn one skill before they can move onto the next. An example is walking. The child will need to learn to walk before they can run or jump etc. Development in children is more rapid in the early stages with many milestones happening in quick succession.This slows down as the child becomes a young adult with the milestones becoming further apart. (Cache children and young people’s workforce p49) The table below looks more closely at the aspects of child development. THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES CHART Age| Intellectual| Social / Emotional| Language| Gross motor| Fine Mot or| Infant – Birth to one year| Uses hands and mouth to learn| Forms a bond with parents, will begin to recognise faces and smiles, at about 6months will recognise parents and be fearful of strangers. | Starts being ocal and using terms such as â€Å"mammy and daddy†| Lifts head first then chest, rolls over, pulls to sit, crawls and stands alone| Reaches for objects and picks up small items, clutches onto toys, e. g. Rattle | Toddler 1-2 years| Begins to learn words for objects and people| Learns that self and parent(s) are different or separate from each other, imitates and performs tasks, indicates needs or wants without crying| Can follow simple instructions and say more words than just â€Å"mammy and daddy†| Can walk, stop, jump and throw things like a ball. Unbuttons clothes, builds tower of 4 cubes, scribbles, uses spoon, picks up very small object| Preschool2-5 years| Understands things such as tired, hungry and cold, recognises colours, becomes aware of numbers and letters| Begins to separate easily from parent(s), dresses with assistance, washes and dries hands, plays interactive games like tag. follows directions, can make simple sentences of two or three words, vocabulary increases Names pictures| Runs well, hops, pedals tricycle, balances on one foot| Buttons Clothes, builds tower of 8 cubes, copies simple figures or letters| School age 5-12 years| Develops understanding of numeracy and literacy concepts, learns relationship between objects and feelings, acquires knowledge and understanding| Acts independently, but is emotionally close to parent(s) dresses without help, join same sex play groups and clubs| Defines words, know and describes what things are made of, vocabulary increases| Skips, balances on one foot for 10 seconds, overestimates physical abilities| Draws person with 6 parts, copies detailed figures and objects| 12-18 years| Understands abstract concepts like illness and death, develops understanding of complex id eas| Experiences rapidly changing moods and behaviour, interested in peer group almost exclusively, distances from parent(s) emotionally, concerned with body image, likely to have first sexual relationship| Uses increased vocabulary, understands more abstract concepts like grief| May appear awkward and clumsy while learning to deal with rapid increases in size due to growth spurts| Fully developed| 18 +years| Continues to develop the ability to make good decisions and to understand the complexity of human relationships| Becomes independent form parent(s), own lifestyle, and career, social and economic changes, develop interests, chooses a partner, becomes a parent. | Continues to develop knowledge and vocabulary of different styles of language used| Fully developed| Fully developed| (Cache Children and young people’s workforce p51-66) 1. 2Child development is the term used to describe how the child will grow through a progression of developmental milestones. All children are believed to follow the same sequence of growth (the child will crawl, then stand, then walk for example) this is called the normative pattern. What we need to know is that not all children follow this pattern and for example some children will miss out stages altogether. One example of this is blind children and some children may decide to bottom shuffle and not bother with the â€Å"crawling phase†. The traditional approach to monitoring this is to use this normative measure which as I have mentioned already is the milestones in which we measure our child’s development.These actually only show what most children can do and in reality many factors such as genetic, cultural and social factors will all have an effect on the child’s development and it is important we take this into account before labelling children â€Å"advanced or backward. † The sequence of development refers to the stages of which a child develops; the rate of development is how fast the child is expected to achieve these developmental milestones. It is important to realise that the normative measurements can only indicate general trends and cannot be taken as â€Å"normal† . It is very important to realise that while the sequence of development may be somewhat the same in most children, the rate or speed in which the child develops can vary in many ways.Things that have a massive effect on the rate of a child’s development can include environment (home life) culture (religious beliefs), ability, the amount of stimulation a child receives and input (from parents for example). It is important to understand the difference between the rate and the sequence of a child’s development as this will equip you with the knowledge you need in order to plan effectively with your child and will help you identify any concerns which you may have within the developmental process. (Cache Children and young people’s workforce) 2. 1-2. 2 A child’s gr owth and development can be affected by many factors, with some having more of an affect than others.They can be split into two categories which I will go into more depth later. These are Personal factors (such as genetics and health related issues) and External factors (such as poverty, family life, personal choice and social interaction. ) Below is a diagram illustrating things which can affect a child’s development? Disability or special needs. Inherited (downs) or chronic (Autism) Disability or special needs. Inherited (downs) or chronic (Autism) Finances (living in poverty) Finances (living in poverty) Education (home schooled, private or state) Education (home schooled, private or state) Cultural background (Religion or beliefs) Cultural background (Religion or beliefs)Health status, Antenatal issues (smoking, drinking, drugs) Health status, Antenatal issues (smoking, drinking, drugs) Social class (lower, working, upper) Social class (lower, working, upper) Genetics, Bi rth problems Genetics, Birth problems Family Environment and background (loving or divorced parents) Family Environment and background (loving or divorced parents) Gender Gender Interpersonal Relationships Interpersonal Relationships Personal Factors influencing development. Genetic Influences Many studies believe it is both our environment and our genetics which will mould us into the person we ultimately become. Our chromosomes are where we find our genes.Parents pass these onto their children via their cells (the sperm and the egg). Alleles are different versions of the same gene and it’s this which can determine distinctive features such as eye colour, but also it is this which could lead to the inheritance of disorders such as cystic fibrosis. A baby’s development is also affected during pregnancy(before the birth) ,at the time of the birth and after the birth. Examples include a woman not knowing she is pregnant in the early stages and carrying on with all her ba d habits (drinking, smoking, drug taking and diet. ) It’s at these crucial first 12 weeks in the uterus when all the essential organs are being formed. This is called the antenatal period.A child being born before term (37 weeks) and therefore is born prematurely may need intensive care and this could affect development. Health Status A child’s health status can have a great effect on how it develops. This is determined by genetic inheritance but can also be affected by factors such as diet, environment, and what health care they receive. Some children are born with conditions which affect their development (these include Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis and heart defects). Other illnesses which may develop over time( including asthma and diabetes) will also have an effect on the child’s development if for example they have frequent visits to the hospital and miss school or their activaties are restricted because of their condition.External Factors Influencing Dev elopment. Poverty This is the single biggest thing that threatens the healthy development of children and young people in Great Britain and can have an effect on all areas of a child’s development (Physical, Intellectual, Language, Emotional, Social, and Spiritual. ) This threat is part of the â€Å"cycle of deprivation† where poorer families will tend to live in poorer housing; they may also have a poor diet which will not provide all the right vitamins and minerals which will affect the child’s immune system which will have a knock on affect to the increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. Other things which are linked to poverty are:Accidents and illness: Children from poorer backgrounds are four times more likely to have an accident than those from higher up the social ladder. Quality of life: many children from lower classes have none or little toys, meals and clothes Poor diet: As I mentioned above a poor diet comes hand in hand with low income fami lies as they more times than not have to buy the cheaper brands or processed convenience foods. Space to live and play: poorer children are more likely to be limited in their play space as the housing which they live will is more likely to be small and substandard. Growth: Poorer children are more likely to be smaller at birth and shorter in height. Education: Children from the lower classes are more likely to have poor attendance and less likely to do well.Long Term Effects: As adults they are more likely to be homeless, be unemployed, and become involved in drug abuse, offending or be in abusive relationships. Social Interaction There is a lot of research to show that social isolation or a lack or opportunity’s to socialise ( playgroup, family members, mother and baby groups, toddler groups) can lead to early child development issues such as speech problems , the inability to share or in fact the ability to socialise with people in a civilised manner. The social environment in which a child is raised can have a dramatic effect on their development. An example of this would be a child who has had no contact with neighbours, family members or classmates.Family Environment and background The situation at home will have a huge effect on a young person or child’s development. A child may seem physically healthy but if they are unhappy and are not enjoying their time at home this is will most definitely be affecting their development. Things a child needs include: Love and affection: A child needs unconditional love and affection from their primary carers whoever this may be (Parents, Grandparents, Foster Parents etc. ) A child needs to feel safe and secure. Stimulation: a child needs the right amount of stimulation for healthy growth and development. Too little or too much will result in unhealthy developmentOpportunities to play: It is common sense that all children need to play to develop, then on from that, young people need to be given the oppor tunity to socialise and have leisure opportunity’s (such as learning an instrument or joining a sports club). A child’s social and emotional development is majorly influenced by the foundations which the family unit creates. Most parents will provide a nurturing unconditional loving family environment where their child will embrace and flourish within it. There are some carers or parents who, for a lot of different reasons will not provide this nurturing platform which all children need. Examples of this include carers with mental health issues, drug misuse, marital conflict and violent behaviour.Theories Regarding Child Development. Theories of child development can be said to be a set of principles that are designed to explain or predict some things. There have been many theories over the years by many scientists and psychologists and they have come up with a multitude of different perspectives as to why a child will do certain things within their development. Theori es not only provide an extended outline of understanding, they also allow educated guesses or hypotheses about some parts of a Childs development that are not clearly understood yet. These theories can provide a bounce board for other research but they also have some practical benefits.They can be useful (if you are a parent, teacher, therapist or carer) as a reference point when you need to make important decisions within the Childs lives and a well-founded theory can provide valuable information in making responsible decisions. On the flip side though, some child development theories can be limiting and misleading and can in fact hinder or jeopardise a Childs development if the primary carer follows this theory to the letter. It is with this in mind that it is vital to compare and evaluate a lot of theories before acting upon them and it is with this comparing and contrasting that you will find that a lot of theories strengths and weaknesses will be highlighted. There are many the ories out there and underneath I will be going into a few of them in more detail. Alfred Bandura (Social learning theory) Main theory: Learning takes place by imitation.The social learning theory suggests that people will learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modelling. This theory has been renamed â€Å"the social cognitive theory† this is to accommodate later developments of this theory. Albert Bandura found that children tend to copy people they hold in high status (parents etc. ) especially so if these people are warm or have powerful personalities. This theory could lead us on to the fact that we should very aware of our behaviour in front of children and the effect this could have on them. Things to think about: * If children are smacked by adults will they be more likely to smack other children? * If children are shouted at by other adults, are they more likely to shout at other children? If children are given explanations, are they more likely to explain things to other * If children are comforted when they fall, are they more likely to do the same to others? How this affects practise * You will have to be very wary of the language and behaviour you use in front of your children. * It could a useful theory to use if you want your children to experience role play. * Being a good role model can only help the child. * This theory allows learning without direct experience. * Promotes positive behaviour. If you are positive this will rub off on the child. Transmission theories There are three main theorists involved in transmission theories.John Locke: He thought that the child was an empty vessel and that they can be shaped by the adult and that children can be shaped by external factors and these are greater influences than any genetic involvements (nature v nurture) Ivan Pavlov: (classical conditioning): Pavlov’s theory was his famous conditioned Reponses in dogs experiment. Pavlov likes to be known as a physiologist ra ther than a psychologist as he believed the two were linked and were useful and scientific. Classical conditioning is the way in which responses are under the control of new stimulus. In his case the â€Å"conditioned† stimulus was a church bell and the â€Å"unconditioned† stimulus was food. His experiment involved feeding the dogs every time the church bell rang. This eventually produced an â€Å"unconditional† response from the dogs which was saliva flowing from the dogs mouth when the food appeared.This would then gradually change into saliva being produced with any bell noise thus producing a â€Å"conditioned† response from the dogs. Food will produce salivation, but it’s this change in stimuli using classical conditioning which means that saliva is being produced with the sound of the bells and not the actual food. Pavlov’s Experiment Burris Frederick Skinner: (operant conditioning) Skinners main theory was one of that reinforcement a nd punishment moulds behaviour and children are conditioned by their experiences. Skinner maintained that learning occurred through responding to the environment and he coined the term â€Å"operant conditioning† to describe this phenomenon.He did extensive research with animals, notably with rats and pigeons. I t was skinner who invented the famous box in which a rat learns to press a lever in order to obtain food. He gave rats a reward of food if they pressed the lever. This was positive reinforcement. The desired behaviour was rewarded. Conversely, undesired behaviour could be negatively reinforced. The rats would receive an electric shock every time they went near one area of a maze and they would then begin to avoid that area. The undesired behaviour was got rid of and the desired behaviour was encouraged. How this affects Practise. Positve reinforcemnet includes * Special helper Kindness awards * Points * Stickers * Special jobs * Star of the week * Trips out * Priase o r golden time. Negative reinforcement includes: * Lines * Detention * PunishmentThings taken from or kept from the child. The effects this has on practise is that it will provide motivation for the child to behave and also to put that lirttle bit more effort in than they would normally if they have something to aim for at the end of the week or day. It will give the child encouragement to repeat the good behaviour or effort upon recieving their treat or reward. Social constructavist theory Jean Piaget: This is the theory where all other theories are judged.His main theory is that the development of children take place in distinct stages of cognitive development. The adult does have an influence but the child is building their own thinking systems. Piaget believed that nature and nurture interact to create cognitive development. He claims that children when learning: * Go through stages and sequences in their learing * Are active learners * Use first hand Experiences and prior experi ences in order to learn. * Imitate and transform what they learn in to symbolic behaviour. He devolped four stages of cognitive learing. 1: Sensory motor stage (0-2 years) the child explores using its senses( sucking ,grasping etc) : Pre operational stage (2- 7 years) The toddler understands the use of symbols and language and this can be understood. 3: Concrete operational stage (7-11 years) the child can now conserve and begin to reason logically. The child can now solve problems but their sucessful reasoning is largely limited to concrete situations. 4. Formal operational years (11-16 years) the child is now developed and can show logical thinking and be able to work through abstract problems. Piaget view on a child as an active learner. Piagets three process: 1. Assimilation: this process is where people translate information in to a form they can understand. 2. Accomodation: This is where people adapt current knowladge in reponse to new experiences. 3.Equilibration: this is whe re people balance assimilation and accomodation to create a stable understanding. Implications in practise. Piagets theory suggests that childrens distictive ways of thinking at different ages need to be considered when deciding how best to teach them. In addition beacuse children learn by mentally and physically interacting with their environment, relative phsical activites are important in educational practise. How they influence current practise: * The language we use with the children * The resources you provide for the children * The need to incorporate role play * Activities( what to do with the resources at hand) * The way in which we chack for understanding from the child * We can question certain techniquesWhat are social constructivists? A social constructivist feels that the adult will play an active role in helping the children through their stages of development. Lev Vygotsky: He was a russian psychologist who died prematurely. His theory dates back to 1924 and he devel oped ideas that there was relationship between language and thinking and cognative development. His theory empahsised the roles of historical, cultural and sociual factors in cognition and argued that language was the most important symbolic tool provided by society. He said that the ZAD (the zone of actual develpment) is where the child will develop naturally with out the adults help.He then says that the ZPD( the zone of proximal devlepment) is where the adult helps and he believes that adult intervention is crucial for the child to move between actual and proximal development. Jerome Bruner: he belived that learning was an â€Å"innate† function. He believes that children â€Å"do â€Å" â€Å"imagine† then â€Å"translate† them into sense through schemas and that older children create symbols to imterpret what they have done. Bruners three stages of development are: * Enactive (0-1 yrs) Doing * Iconic (1-7 yrs) Imagining * Symbolic (7+) Using symbolic repr esentations Bruner also has his theory of â€Å"scaffolding† where he does recognise the importance of adult support.The easist way to get your head round this is to imagine the adult as the â€Å"scaffold† round the child, a bit like the scaffolding on a building. The adult moves and grows with the child offering them â€Å" support â€Å" and reinforcement on the way. How this effects current practise * We can use this to observe the children * We can look at the prefered learnign styles considered * This theory basically sums up the role of a teaching assistant â€Å" supprort and reinforcement† * Intorduce new concepts to expand learning * Will influence the way in which you question a child Humanistic Approach. Abraham Maslow and Mia Keller Pringle. Maslow created a theory of human needs that was relevant to all ages not just for children. This was known as the humanistic approach.He said that there was five levels of need and his theory suggested that ea ch level had to be â€Å"met† before you could progresson to the next one. Maslow also said that it was almost impossible to reach your full potentiol if the lower needs were not sufficiently met. Maslows Hierachy of needs. How this may impact on current practise. There are many ways this theory could impact on practise: * Keeping an eye out for the childs basic needs( Hungry, clothing, tired,) * Awareness of bullying and social exclusion * Having a homework club (where the older children could help the younger ones. ) * Praise( Give praise when a child Produces a good piece of work) * Having a â€Å"Get to know you† activity or activities Understanding problems with a child( enabling you to asses the need of the child so he/she can progress) * Promote a positive learning environment which is individual to the children. * Devolop a â€Å"Culture† where the child feels comfortable to come forward and say they have a need that is not being met. Mia Kellmer Pringle Pringle suggested that there are four primary needs that have to be met from birth. Love and security: this is probably the most important one of the four as this provides the basis for all future relationships. A child will also have objects as â€Å"security blankets† ie a favorite toy which they will use when they feel threatened or upset.The child will want routine which helps with their development and also they will need attachment which comes in the form of a caring a stable family. New experiences: this is a fundemantal requirement for cognitive development. In ealry life the act of playing and using new language as well as revisiting previous experiences and accesing new and demanding phsical and mental challenges all help in the childs cognitive development. This goes with them through to adolecence where they will start experimenting with boyfriends/ girlfriends and get involved in team roles etc. Praise and recognition: Strong incentives are vital for a child who is going through a difficult time.If a child is constantly put down or told they are useless it becomes a self fullfilling prophecy where the child has low expectations leads them onto low achievement. This will eventually lead onto the child never getting into any situations where they feel they will fail. Responsibility: It is also very inportant to structure the childs environment so he/she have challenges which reflect their interests and ability levels, this will encourage independance and co operation. Pringle goes along the same lines as Maslow so their impacts on practise are similar. Produce a routine the children are familiar with Plan trips out( get them interested in a musical instrument or have a themed week) Recognise cultural normsMake a child feel valued and Individual Have a School council( Promoting responsibilty) Welcome the child to his/her new setting( name on the peg, â€Å"get to know you activites) Give them jobs( registor monitor,handout milk etc) Leave it to nature Theories ( laissez faire model) Rousseau: was an 18th century philsopher who thought that the child will †learn naturally† and they were genetically engineered to learn certain things at certain times. He thought that a childs learning unfolds like a flower and that babbling leads onto talking which leads onto writing and reading, the same way kicking the legs and crawling leads onto walking and running.This theory suggests that adults mould the childs development through the environment they create and this â€Å"environment† will support the childs learning and help it to unfold. One example being speech. If a childs environment is all English speaking, the child will speak english, if a child hears both chinese and English it will become multi ligual and speak both languages. This view suggests that the child will do what they need to devolp and learn naturally. It sees the child as â€Å"active† in their own learing and as the adult do not ne ed to act this is sometimes reffered to as the laissez faire view of how children learn. Rousseau mapped a set of developmental norms charting expected development.He believed that development followed a sequence and identified ‘normal’ age ranges of achievement. A depressing approach for children with special needs. Gessel: In the 1930s he mapped out a set of developmental norms which charted expectent development in children. These norms mapped out the childs expected development and this followed a sequence which identified the normal age ranges of achievement. This was also a very depressing approach for any children who have disabilites or learning needs. Gessels spiral of development. How this approach impacts on current practise. You will have an understanding that you can observe and not always intervene in a childs behaviour.